JavaScript Data Grid Modules

JavaScript Data GridModules

Reduce the size of your JavaScript bundle, by importing only the modules that you need. The base module is mandatory, all other modules are optional.

On this page

Overview

Handsontable is a comprehensive tool with a broad range of features. If you don't use all of them, you can pick just the parts that you need, and get rid of the rest (e.g., unnecessary translations). This approach reduces Handsontable's impact on the overall size of your app.

To make this possible, Handsontable is divided into modules.

Use modules

To get the most out of using Handsontable's modules:

  1. Import the base module.
  2. Import optional modules of your choice.
  3. Remove redundant code (so-called tree shaking).

Bundler support

To use Handsontable's modules, your environment needs to support the import syntax, which is typically provided by a bundler.

We successfully tested Handsontable with the following bundlers:

  • webpack
  • Parcel
  • Rollup
  • Vite

If Handsontable's modules don't work with your bundler, report it as a bug (opens new window).

Base module

No matter which of the optional modules you use, you always need to import the base module (handsontable/base), which covers:

  • Handsontable's core functionalities
  • The default cell type: text

Import the base module

To get the base JavaScript module, import Handsontable from handsontable/base (not from handsontable, which would give you the full distribution package):

import Handsontable from 'handsontable/base';

Handsontable's CSS stylesheets are not modular. You need to import them separately:

Now, you're ready to use any optional modules of your choice.

Optional modules

Handsontable's optional modules are grouped into:

Cell type modules

Cell type modules contain Handsontable's cell types.

You can import the following cell type modules:

import {
  registerCellType, // cell types' registering function
  AutocompleteCellType,
  CheckboxCellType,
  DateCellType,
  DropdownCellType,
  HandsontableCellType,
  NumericCellType,
  PasswordCellType,
  SelectCellType,
  TextCellType,
  TimeCellType,
} from 'handsontable/cellTypes';

Each cell type module contains a different cell type:

Cell type modules
Module Cell type alias
AutocompleteCellType autocomplete
CheckboxCellType checkbox
DateCellType date
DropdownCellType dropdown
HandsontableCellType handsontable
NumericCellType numeric
PasswordCellType password
SelectCellType select
TextCellType text
TimeCellType time

Import a cell type module

  1. Make sure you import the base module:

    import Handsontable from 'handsontable/base';

  2. Import the registering function and a cell type module of your choice. For example:

    import {
  registerCellType,
  NumericCellType,
} from 'handsontable/cellTypes';

  3. Register your cell type module, to let Handsontable recognize it. For example:

    registerCellType(NumericCellType);

    A full example:

    import Handsontable from 'handsontable/base';
import {
  registerCellType,
  NumericCellType,
} from 'handsontable/cellTypes';

registerCellType(NumericCellType);

Renderer, editor, and validator modules

Each cell type module is made of:

TIP

To find out which renderer, editor, and validator a given cell type is made of, see the API reference of the type configuration option.

You can import renderer, editor, and validator modules individually. For the full list of those modules, see the List of all modules section.

For example, you can import the numeric cell type as a whole:

import Handsontable from 'handsontable/base';
import {
  registerCellType,
  NumericCellType,
} from 'handsontable/cellTypes';

registerCellType(NumericCellType);

const container = document.querySelector('#example1');

new Handsontable(container, {
  columns: [
    {
      type: 'numeric'
    }
  ]
});

Or, you can import the numeric cell type's renderer, editor, and validator individually (the effect is the same as above):

import Handsontable from 'handsontable/base';
import {
  registerRenderer,
  numericRenderer,
} from 'handsontable/renderers';
import {
  registerEditor,
  NumericEditor,
} from 'handsontable/editors';
import {
  registerValidator,
  numericValidator,
} from 'handsontable/validators';

registerRenderer(numericRenderer);
registerEditor(NumericEditor);
registerValidator(numericValidator);

new Handsontable(container, {
  columns: [
    {
      renderer: 'numeric',
      editor: 'numeric',
      validator: 'numeric',
      dataType: 'number',
      type: 'numeric',
    }
  ]
});

Plugin modules

Plugin modules contain Handsontable's plugins.

You can import the following plugin modules:

import {
  registerPlugin, // plugins' registering function
  AutoColumnSize,
  AutoRowSize,
  Autofill,
  BasePlugin,
  BindRowsWithHeaders,
  CollapsibleColumns,
  ColumnSorting,
  ColumnSummary,
  Comments,
  ContextMenu,
  CopyPaste,
  CustomBorders,
  DragToScroll,
  DropdownMenu,
  ExportFile,
  Filters,
  Formulas,
  HiddenColumns,
  HiddenRows,
  ManualColumnFreeze,
  ManualColumnMove,
  ManualColumnResize,
  ManualRowMove,
  ManualRowResize,
  MergeCells,
  MultiColumnSorting,
  MultipleSelectionHandles,
  NestedHeaders,
  NestedRows,
  PersistentState,
  Search,
  TouchScroll,
  TrimRows,
  UndoRedo,
} from 'handsontable/plugins';

Each plugin module contains a different plugin:

Plugin modules
Module Plugin
AutoColumnSize AutoColumnSize
Autofill Autofill
AutoRowSize AutoRowSize
BasePlugin BasePlugin
BindRowsWithHeaders BindRowsWithHeaders
CollapsibleColumns CollapsibleColumns
ColumnSorting ColumnSorting
ColumnSummary ColumnSummary
Comments Comments
ContextMenu ContextMenu
CopyPaste CopyPaste
CustomBorders CustomBorders
DragToScroll DragToScroll
DropdownMenu DropdownMenu
ExportFile ExportFile
Filters Filters
Formulas Formulas
HiddenColumns HiddenColumns
HiddenRows HiddenRows
ManualColumnFreeze ManualColumnFreeze
ManualColumnMove ManualColumnMove
ManualColumnResize ManualColumnResize
ManualRowMove ManualRowMove
ManualRowResize ManualRowResize
MergeCells MergeCells
MultiColumnSorting MultiColumnSorting
MultipleSelectionHandles MultipleSelectionHandles
NestedHeaders NestedHeaders
NestedRows NestedRows
PersistentState PersistentState
Search Search
TouchScroll TouchScroll
TrimRows TrimRows
UndoRedo UndoRedo

Import a plugin module

  1. Make sure you import the base module:

    import Handsontable from 'handsontable/base';

  2. Import registering function and a plugin module of your choice. For example:

    import {
  registerPlugin,
  ContextMenu,
} from 'handsontable/plugins';

  3. Register your plugin module, to let Handsontable recognize it. For example:

    registerPlugin(ContextMenu);

    A full example:

    import Handsontable from 'handsontable/base';
import {
  registerPlugin,
  ContextMenu,
} from 'handsontable/plugins';

registerPlugin(ContextMenu);

Translation modules

Translation modules contain Handsontable's translations.

You can import the following translation modules:

import {
  registerLanguageDictionary, // translations' registering function
  arAR,
  csCZ,
  deCH,
  deDE,
  enUS,
  esMX,
  frFR,
  hrHR,
  itIT,
  jaJP,
  koKR,
  lvLV,
  nbNO,
  nlNL,
  plPL,
  ptBR,
  ruRU,
  srSP,
  zhCN,
  zhTW,
} from 'handsontable/i18n';

Each translation module contains a different translation package:

Translation modules
Module Translation
arAR Arabic - Global
csCZ Czech - Czech Republic
deCH German - Switzerland
deDE German - Germany
enUS English - United States
esMX Spanish - Mexico
frFR French - France
hrHR Croatian - Croatia
itIT Italian - Italy
jaJP Japanese - Japan
koKR Korean - Korea
lvLV Latvian - Latvia
nbNO Norwegian (Bokmål) - Norway
nlNL Dutch - Netherlands
plPL Polish - Poland
ptBR Portuguese - Brazil
ruRU Russian - Russia
srSP Serbian - Serbia
zhCN Chinese - China
zhTW Chinese - Taiwan

Import a translation module

  1. Make sure you import the base module:

    import Handsontable from 'handsontable/base';

  2. Import the registering function and and a translation module of your choice. For example:

    import {
  registerLanguageDictionary,
  plPL,
} from 'handsontable/i18n';

  3. Register your translation module, to let Handsontable recognize it. For example:

    registerLanguageDictionary(plPL);

    A full example:

    import Handsontable from 'handsontable/base';
import {
  registerLanguageDictionary,
  plPL,
} from 'handsontable/i18n';

registerLanguageDictionary(plPL);

List of all modules

The table below lists all of Handsontable's modules:

Type Modules Required / optional
Core functionalities handsontable/base Required
Cell types AutocompleteCellType
CheckboxCellType
DateCellType
DropdownCellType
HandsontableCellType
NumericCellType
PasswordCellType
SelectCellType
TextCellType
TimeCellType		 Optional
Cell renderers baseRenderer
autocompleteRenderer
checkboxRenderer
dateRenderer
dropdownRenderer
handsontableRenderer
htmlRenderer
numericRenderer
passwordRenderer
selectRenderer
textRenderer		 Optional
Cell editors AutocompleteEditor
BaseEditor
CheckboxEditor
DateEditor
DropdownEditor
HandsontableEditor
NumericEditor
PasswordEditor
SelectEditor
TextEditor		 Optional
Cell validators autocompleteValidator
dateValidator
dropdownValidator
numericValidator
timeValidator		 Optional
Plugins AutoColumnSize
Autofill
AutoRowSize
BasePlugin
BindRowsWithHeaders
CollapsibleColumns
ColumnSorting
ColumnSummary
Comments
ContextMenu
CopyPaste
CustomBorders
DragToScroll
DropdownMenu
ExportFile
Filters
Formulas
HiddenColumns
HiddenRows
ManualColumnFreeze
ManualColumnMove
ManualColumnResize
ManualRowMove
ManualRowResize
MergeCells
MultiColumnSorting
MultipleSelectionHandles
NestedHeaders
NestedRows
PersistentState
Search
TouchScroll
TrimRows
UndoRedo		 Optional
Translations arAR csCZ deCH deDE enUS esMX
frFR hrHR itIT jaJP koKR
lvLV nbNO nlNL plPL
ptBR ruRU srSP zhCN zhTW		 Optional

List of all module imports

To quickly register all modules in bulk, use these registering functions:

  • registerAllCellTypes()
  • registerAllRenderers()
  • registerAllEditors()
  • registerAllValidators()
  • registerAllPlugins()
  • registerAllModules()
Import and register all modules in bulk 
// the base module
import Handsontable from 'handsontable/base';

// cell type modules
import {
  AutocompleteCellType,
  CheckboxCellType,
  DateCellType,
  DropdownCellType,
  HandsontableCellType,
  NumericCellType,
  PasswordCellType,
  TextCellType,
  TimeCellType,
} from 'handsontable/cellTypes';

// renderer modules
import {
  baseRenderer,
  autocompleteRenderer,
  checkboxRenderer,
  dropdownRenderer,
  htmlRenderer,
  numericRenderer,
  passwordRenderer,
  textRenderer,
} from 'handsontable/renderers';

// editor modules
import {
  AutocompleteEditor,
  BaseEditor,
  CheckboxEditor,
  DateEditor,
  DropdownEditor,
  HandsontableEditor,
  NumericEditor,
  PasswordEditor,
  SelectEditor,
  TextEditor,
} from 'handsontable/editors';

// validator modules
import {
  autocompleteValidator,
  dateValidator,
  dropdownValidator,
  numericValidator,
  timeValidator,
} from 'handsontable/validators';

// plugin modules
import {
  AutoColumnSize,
  AutoRowSize,
  Autofill,
  BasePlugin,
  BindRowsWithHeaders,
  CollapsibleColumns,
  ColumnSorting,
  ColumnSummary,
  Comments,
  ContextMenu,
  CopyPaste,
  CustomBorders,
  DragToScroll,
  DropdownMenu,
  ExportFile,
  Filters,
  Formulas,
  HiddenColumns,
  HiddenRows,
  ManualColumnFreeze,
  ManualColumnMove,
  ManualColumnResize,
  ManualRowMove,
  ManualRowResize,
  MergeCells,
  MultiColumnSorting,
  MultipleSelectionHandles,
  NestedHeaders,
  NestedRows,
  PersistentState,
  Search,
  TouchScroll,
  TrimRows,
  UndoRedo,
} from 'handsontable/plugins';

// translation modules
import {
  arAR,
  csCZ,
  deCH,
  deDE,
  enUS,
  esMX,
  frFR,
  hrHR,
  itIT,
  jaJP,
  koKR,
  lvLV,
  nbNO,
  nlNL,
  plPL,
  ptBR,
  ruRU,
  srSP,
  zhCN,
  zhTW,
} from 'handsontable/i18n';

// registering functions that let you quickly register all modules at once
import {
  registerAllCellTypes,
  registerAllRenderers,
  registerAllEditors,
  registerAllValidators,
  registerAllPlugins,
  registerAllModules,
} from 'handsontable/registry'

// register all cell types at once
registerAllCellTypes();

// register all renderers at once
registerAllRenderers();

// register all editors at once
registerAllEditors();

// register all validators at once
registerAllValidators();

// register all plugins at once
registerAllPlugins();

// register individual translations
registerLanguageDictionary(arAR);
registerLanguageDictionary(deCH);
registerLanguageDictionary(deDE);
registerLanguageDictionary(enUS);
registerLanguageDictionary(esMX);
registerLanguageDictionary(frFR);
registerLanguageDictionary(hrHR);
registerLanguageDictionary(itIT);
registerLanguageDictionary(jaJP);
registerLanguageDictionary(koKR);
registerLanguageDictionary(lvLV);
registerLanguageDictionary(nbNO);
registerLanguageDictionary(nlNL);
registerLanguageDictionary(plPL);
registerLanguageDictionary(ptBR);
registerLanguageDictionary(ruRU);
registerLanguageDictionary(srSP);
registerLanguageDictionary(zhCN);
registerLanguageDictionary(zhTW);

// or, register all of Handsontable's modules at once
registerAllModules();

To register individual modules explicitly, use these registering functions:

  • registerCellType()
  • registerRenderer()
  • registerEditor()
  • registerValidator()
  • registerPlugin()
  • registerLanguageDictionary()
Import and register all modules explicitly 
// the base module
import Handsontable from 'handsontable/base';

// cell type modules
import {
  registerCellType, // cell types' registering function
  AutocompleteCellType,
  CheckboxCellType,
  DateCellType,
  DropdownCellType,
  HandsontableCellType,
  NumericCellType,
  PasswordCellType,
  TextCellType,
  TimeCellType,
} from 'handsontable/cellTypes';

// renderer modules
import {
  registerRenderer, // renderers' registering function
  baseRenderer,
  autocompleteRenderer,
  checkboxRenderer,
  dropdownRenderer,
  htmlRenderer,
  numericRenderer,
  passwordRenderer,
  textRenderer,
} from 'handsontable/renderers';

// editor modules
import {
  registerEditor, // editors' registering function
  AutocompleteEditor,
  BaseEditor,
  CheckboxEditor,
  DateEditor,
  DropdownEditor,
  HandsontableEditor,
  NumericEditor,
  PasswordEditor,
  SelectEditor,
  TextEditor,
} from 'handsontable/editors';

// validator modules
import {
  registerValidator, // validators' registering function
  autocompleteValidator,
  dateValidator,
  dropdownValidator,
  numericValidator,
  timeValidator,
} from 'handsontable/validators';

// plugin modules
import {
  registerPlugin, // plugins' registering function
  AutoColumnSize,
  AutoRowSize,
  Autofill,
  BasePlugin,
  BindRowsWithHeaders,
  CollapsibleColumns,
  ColumnSorting,
  ColumnSummary,
  Comments,
  ContextMenu,
  CopyPaste,
  CustomBorders,
  DragToScroll,
  DropdownMenu,
  ExportFile,
  Filters,
  Formulas,
  HiddenColumns,
  HiddenRows,
  ManualColumnFreeze,
  ManualColumnMove,
  ManualColumnResize,
  ManualRowMove,
  ManualRowResize,
  MergeCells,
  MultiColumnSorting,
  MultipleSelectionHandles,
  NestedHeaders,
  NestedRows,
  PersistentState,
  Search,
  TouchScroll,
  TrimRows,
  UndoRedo,
} from 'handsontable/plugins';

// translation modules
import {
  registerLanguageDictionary, // translations' registering function
  arAR,
  csCZ,
  deCH,
  deDE,
  enUS,
  esMX,
  frFR,
  hrHR,
  itIT,
  jaJP,
  koKR,
  lvLV,
  nbNO,
  nlNL,
  plPL,
  ptBR,
  ruRU,
  srSP,
  zhCN,
  zhTW,
} from 'handsontable/i18n';

// register individual cell types
registerCellType(AutocompleteCellType);
registerCellType(CheckboxCellType);
registerCellType(DateCellType);
registerCellType(DropdownCellType);
registerCellType(HandsontableCellType);
registerCellType(NumericCellType);
registerCellType(PasswordCellType);
registerCellType(TimeCellType);
registerCellType(TextCellType);

// register individual renderers
registerRenderer(baseRenderer);
registerRenderer(autocompleteRenderer);
registerRenderer(checkboxRenderer);
registerRenderer(dropdownRenderer);
registerRenderer(htmlRenderer);
registerRenderer(numericRenderer);
registerRenderer(passwordRenderer);
registerRenderer(textRenderer);

// register individual editors
registerEditor(BaseEditor);
registerEditor(AutocompleteEditor);
registerEditor(CheckboxEditor);
registerEditor(DateEditor);
registerEditor(DropdownEditor);
registerEditor(HandsontableEditor);
registerEditor(NumericEditor);
registerEditor(PasswordEditor);
registerEditor(SelectEditor);
registerEditor(TextEditor);

// register individual validators
registerValidator(autocompleteValidator);
registerValidator(dateValidator);
registerValidator(dropdownValidator);
registerValidator(numericValidator);
registerValidator(timeValidator);

// register individual plugins
registerPlugin(AutoColumnSize);
registerPlugin(Autofill);
registerPlugin(AutoRowSize);
registerPlugin(BindRowsWithHeaders);
registerPlugin(CollapsibleColumns);
registerPlugin(ColumnSorting);
registerPlugin(ColumnSummary);
registerPlugin(Comments);
registerPlugin(ContextMenu);
registerPlugin(CopyPaste);
registerPlugin(CustomBorders);
registerPlugin(DragToScroll);
registerPlugin(DropdownMenu);
registerPlugin(ExportFile);
registerPlugin(Filters);
registerPlugin(Formulas);
registerPlugin(HiddenColumns);
registerPlugin(HiddenRows);
registerPlugin(ManualColumnFreeze);
registerPlugin(ManualColumnMove);
registerPlugin(ManualColumnResize);
registerPlugin(ManualRowMove);
registerPlugin(ManualRowResize);
registerPlugin(MergeCells);
registerPlugin(MultiColumnSorting);
registerPlugin(MultipleSelectionHandles);
registerPlugin(NestedHeaders);
registerPlugin(NestedRows);
registerPlugin(PersistentState);
registerPlugin(Search);
registerPlugin(TouchScroll);
registerPlugin(TrimRows);
registerPlugin(UndoRedo);

// register individual translations
registerLanguageDictionary(arAR);
registerLanguageDictionary(deCH);
registerLanguageDictionary(deDE);
registerLanguageDictionary(enUS);
registerLanguageDictionary(esMX);
registerLanguageDictionary(frFR);
registerLanguageDictionary(hrHR);
registerLanguageDictionary(itIT);
registerLanguageDictionary(jaJP);
registerLanguageDictionary(koKR);
registerLanguageDictionary(lvLV);
registerLanguageDictionary(nbNO);
registerLanguageDictionary(nlNL);
registerLanguageDictionary(plPL);
registerLanguageDictionary(ptBR);
registerLanguageDictionary(ruRU);
registerLanguageDictionary(srSP);
registerLanguageDictionary(zhCN);
registerLanguageDictionary(zhTW);

TIP

Parcel, webpack 3 (and older), and a few other bundlers require you to import modules one by one, from their respective files of origin. See the full list of such imports:

All imports 
import { registerCellType } from 'handsontable/cellTypes/registry';
import { AutocompleteCellType } from 'handsontable/cellTypes/autocompleteType';
import { CheckboxCellType } from 'handsontable/cellTypes/checkboxType';
import { DateCellType } from 'handsontable/cellTypes/dateType';
import { DropdownCellType } from 'handsontable/cellTypes/dropdownType';
import { HandsontableCellType } from 'handsontable/cellTypes/handsontableType';
import { NumericCellType } from 'handsontable/cellTypes/numericType';
import { PasswordCellType } from 'handsontable/cellTypes/passwordType';
import { TextCellType } from 'handsontable/cellTypes/textType';
import { TimeCellType } from 'handsontable/cellTypes/timeType';

import { registerRenderer } from 'handsontable/renderers/registry';
import { autocompleteRenderer } from 'handsontable/renderers/autocompleteRenderer';
import { baseRenderer } from 'handsontable/renderers/baseRenderer';
import { checkboxRenderer } from 'handsontable/renderers/checkboxRenderer';
import { dropdownRenderer } from 'handsontable/renderers/dropdownRenderer';
import { htmlRenderer } from 'handsontable/renderers/htmlRenderer';
import { numericRenderer } from 'handsontable/renderers/numericRenderer';
import { passwordRenderer } from 'handsontable/renderers/passwordRenderer';
import { textRenderer } from 'handsontable/renderers/textRenderer';

import { registerEditor } from 'handsontable/editors/registry';
import { AutocompleteEditor } from 'handsontable/editors/autocompleteEditor';
import { BaseEditor } from 'handsontable/editors/baseEditor';
import { CheckboxEditor } from 'handsontable/editors/checkboxEditor';
import { DateEditor } from 'handsontable/editors/dateEditor';
import { DropdownEditor } from 'handsontable/editors/dropdownEditor';
import { HandsontableEditor } from 'handsontable/editors/handsontableEditor';
import { NumericEditor } from 'handsontable/editors/numericEditor';
import { PasswordEditor } from 'handsontable/editors/passwordEditor';
import { SelectEditor } from 'handsontable/editors/selectEditor';
import { TextEditor } from 'handsontable/editors/textEditor';

import { registerValidator } from 'handsontable/validators/registry';
import { autocompleteValidator } from 'handsontable/validators/autocompleteValidator';
import { dateValidator } from 'handsontable/validators/dateValidator';
import { dropdownValidator } from 'handsontable/validators/dropdownValidator';
import { numericValidator } from 'handsontable/validators/numericValidator';
import { timeValidator } from 'handsontable/validators/timeValidator';

import { registerPlugin } from 'handsontable/plugins/registry';
import { AutoColumnSize } from 'handsontable/plugins/autoColumnSize';
import { Autofill } from 'handsontable/plugins/autofill';
import { AutoRowSize } from 'handsontable/plugins/autoRowSize';
import { BasePlugin } from 'handsontable/plugins/base';
import { BindRowsWithHeaders } from 'handsontable/plugins/bindRowsWithHeaders';
import { CollapsibleColumns } from 'handsontable/plugins/collapsibleColumn';
import { ColumnSorting } from 'handsontable/plugins/columnSorting';
import { Comments } from 'handsontable/plugins/comments';
import { ContextMenu } from 'handsontable/plugins/contextMenu';
import { CopyPaste } from 'handsontable/plugins/copyPaste';
import { CustomBorders } from 'handsontable/plugins/customBorders';
import { DragToScroll } from 'handsontable/plugins/dragToScroll';
import { DropdownMenu } from 'handsontable/plugins/dropdownMenu';
import { ExportFile } from 'handsontable/plugins/exportFile';
import { Filters } from 'handsontable/plugins/filters';
import { HiddenColumns } from 'handsontable/plugins/hiddenColumns';
import { HiddenRows } from 'handsontable/plugins/hiddenRows';
import { ManualColumnFreeze } from 'handsontable/plugins/manualColumnFreeze';
import { ManualColumnMove } from 'handsontable/plugins/manualColumnMove';
import { ManualColumnResize } from 'handsontable/plugins/manualColumnResize';
import { ManualRowMove } from 'handsontable/plugins/manualRowMove';
import { ManualRowResize } from 'handsontable/plugins/manualRowResize';
import { MergeCells } from 'handsontable/plugins/mergeCells';
import { MultipleSelectionHandles } from 'handsontable/plugins/multipleSelectionHandles';
import { NestedHeaders } from 'handsontable/plugins/nestedHeaders';
import { NestedRows } from 'handsontable/plugins/nestedRows';
import { PersistentState } from 'handsontable/plugins/persistentState';
import { Search } from 'handsontable/plugins/search';
import { TouchScroll } from 'handsontable/plugins/touchScroll';
import { TrimRows } from 'handsontable/plugins/trimRows';
import { UndoRedo } from 'handsontable/plugins/undoRedo';

import { registerLanguageDictionary } from 'handsontable/i18n/registry';

Using modules with frameworks

You can also use modules with Handsontable's framework wrappers: